The neurological basis of visual discomfort and visual stress
Science+ meeting organised by Professor Arnold J Wilkins and Dr Beverley Burke
Visual discomfort/stress is common and can be debilitating. It has a neurological origin and can be predicted from the characteristics of the visual image. There are far-reaching implications for inclusivity, specifically regarding the design of buildings, lighting, text, and electronic images. There are also implications for health and the management of various neurological conditions.
Programme
The programme, including speaker biographies and abstracts, will be available soon. Please note that the programme may be subject to change.
Poster session
There will be a poster session on Monday 1 February 2027. If you would like to present a poster, , abstract (up to 200 words), author list, and the name of the proposed presenter and institution no later than Friday 1 January 2027. Acceptances may be made on a rolling basis so we recommend submitting as soon as possible in case the session becomes full. Submissions made within one month of the meeting may not be included in the programme booklet.
Attending the event
This event is intended for researchers in relevant fields.
- Free to attend
- Both virtual and in-person attendance is available. Advance registration is essential
- Lunch is available on both days of the meeting for an optional £25 per day. There are plenty of places to eat nearby if you would prefer to purchase food offsite. Participants are welcome to bring their own lunch to the meeting
Please note that scientific meetings hosted by Ä¢¹½ÊÓÆµ do not necessarily represent a Royal Society position or signify an endorsement of the speakers or content presented.
Enquiries: contact the Scientific Programmes team.
Organisers
Schedule
| 09:00-09:05 |
Welcome by Ä¢¹½ÊÓÆµ and organisers
Professor Arnold J WilkinsUniversity of Essex, UK
Professor Arnold J WilkinsUniversity of Essex, UK Arnold J Wilkins obtained a doctorate in semantic memory from the University of Sussex. He then spent two years in postdoctoral study at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Here, he was asked to see a patient who had seizures whenever she looked at striped lines. He returned to the UK in 1974 to work at the MRC Applied Psychology Unit where he showed that many patients with photosensitive epilepsy are sensitive to striped lines, and that many people without epilepsy also find such patterns uncomfortable to look at. This resulted in a neurological theory of visual discomfort and the demonstration that fluorescent lighting can cause headaches. His interests include migraine, photophobia, trypophobia, lighting, reading, tinted lenses, and the design of text and architecture. In 1997 he moved to a chair at the University of Essex, where he is now Emeritus. He works part-time at the Engineering Department, University of Cambridge.
Dr Beverley BurkeBirkbeck, University of London, UK
Dr Beverley BurkeBirkbeck, University of London, UK Beverley Burke is a former Daphne Jackson Fellow who returned to part-time work after a career break. Her return was inspired by experiencing format-related reading difficulties which led her to research visual discomfort at Birkbeck, University of London. Prior to this, she completed her PhD in microbiology at City St George’s University of London and pursued interests in the cellular/molecular mechanisms of chronic health conditions such as neurodegeneration, hypertension and cancer. Her work has contributed to ~ 20 scientific publications but she believes her most significant accomplishment is facilitating cross-disciplinary communication between academic researchers and professional practitioners who share an interest in visual discomfort/stress. Beverley is passionate about visual neurodiversity and was appointed as deputy director of the Birkbeck Centre for Neurodiversity at Work. She believes that there is much work to be done with regards to understanding how spatial and temporal patterns of light effect human health and wellbeing. |
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| 09:05-09:20 |
Tbc
Professor Arnold J WilkinsUniversity of Essex, UK
Professor Arnold J WilkinsUniversity of Essex, UK Arnold J Wilkins obtained a doctorate in semantic memory from the University of Sussex. He then spent two years in postdoctoral study at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Here, he was asked to see a patient who had seizures whenever she looked at striped lines. He returned to the UK in 1974 to work at the MRC Applied Psychology Unit where he showed that many patients with photosensitive epilepsy are sensitive to striped lines, and that many people without epilepsy also find such patterns uncomfortable to look at. This resulted in a neurological theory of visual discomfort and the demonstration that fluorescent lighting can cause headaches. His interests include migraine, photophobia, trypophobia, lighting, reading, tinted lenses, and the design of text and architecture. In 1997 he moved to a chair at the University of Essex, where he is now Emeritus. He works part-time at the Engineering Department, University of Cambridge. |
| 09:20-09:40 |
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Professor Paul HibbardUniversity of Stirling, UK Professor Paul HibbardUniversity of Stirling, UK |
| 09:40-10:00 |
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Dr Olivier PenacchioUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Dr Olivier PenacchioUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain |
| 10:00-10:20 |
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| 10:20-10:40 |
Discussion
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| 10:40-11:10 |
Break
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| 11:10-11:30 |
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| 11:30-11:50 |
Electrophysiological evidence for a noisy visual cortex in migraine – a basis for visual discomfort?
Migraine is a common and debilitating neurological disorder and is associated with more extreme visual discomfort compared to control groups. It has been suggested that there are inherent differences in the visual areas of the migraine brain in between headache attacks that might account for the increased visual discomfort. One suggestion is that the migraine brain is “noisier” than controls, leading to excessive brain activity and therefore increased visual discomfort. This neural noise is thought to arise from an imbalance of oscillatory activity (or “brainwaves”) that are responsible for processing information in the brain. To date, neural noise has mostly been inferred from behavioural studies. However, it is possible to estimate neural noise directly from measures of brain activity using electrophysiology (EEG). Here I present electrophysiological data from several studies of migraine and control participants to directly estimate neural noise to test this theory. Across studies, results indicate subtle but consistent indications that there is an imbalance in neural oscillations in people with migraine. This would be consistent with increased neural noise as a neurophysiological basis of excessive visual discomfort in migraine. A future direction for research is to explore possible interventions aimed at redressing an oscillatory imbalance, such as non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Given that other neurodiverse populations have been associated with both visual discomfort and neural noise, it may be that neural noise could represent a more general marker of susceptibility to visual discomfort.
Dr Louise O'HareNottingham Trent University, UK
Dr Louise O'HareNottingham Trent University, UK Dr Louise O’Hare received her PhD from the University of St Andrews in 2012. She was appointed Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Lincoln in 2013 before joining Nottingham Trent University on a part-time basis in 2020. Her research examines individual differences in visual perception, particularly visual discomfort, using behavioural and electrophysiological (EEG) methodologies. Specifically, she investigates why certain visual patterns evoke discomfort and how perceptual and neural factors contribute to this experience. She has a particular interest in migraine and works with people living with migraine to better understand the perceptual and neural mechanisms underlying their visual experiences. |
| 11:50-12:10 |
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| 12:10-12:30 |
Discussion
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Chair
Dr Petroc Sumner
Cardiff University, Wales
Dr Petroc Sumner
Cardiff University, Wales
| 13:30-13:50 |
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Dr Cathy ManningUniversity of Birmingham, UK
Dr Cathy ManningUniversity of Birmingham, UK Dr Cathy Manning is an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of Birmingham. She studied Experimental Psychology at University of Oxford, and completed an MRes/PhD at the UCL Institute of Education. She held the Scott Family Junior Research Fellowship at University College, Oxford, followed by a Henry Wellcome Fellowship. She started her independent research group at University of Reading in 2021, before moving to University of Birmingham in 2024. Cathy researches sensory processing across child development, and in autism and dyslexia. She conducts research and impact work to make the world more inclusive for autistic and other neurodivergent people, and leads the 'Sensory Street' project. She has received numerous early career awards, including the Philip Leverhulme Prize in Psychology, British Psychology Society Developmental Section Neil O’Connor Award, the Applied Vision Association David Marr Medal, the Experimental Psychology Society Prize, Autistica’s Reproducible Autism Science Award, and an Association for Psychological Science Rising Star Award. She is also an Editor at the journal, ‘Autism’. She was selected as a member of the UK Young Academy in 2024. |
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| 13:50-14:10 |
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| 14:10-14:30 |
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| 14:30-14:50 |
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| 14:50-15:10 |
Discussion
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| 15:10-15:40 |
Break
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| 15:40-16:00 |
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Professor Isamu MotoyoshiUniversity of Tokyo, Japan
Professor Isamu MotoyoshiUniversity of Tokyo, Japan |
| 16:00-16:20 |
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Professor Christopher DiMattinaFlorida Gulf Coast University, US Professor Christopher DiMattinaFlorida Gulf Coast University, US |
| 16:20-16:35 |
Discussion
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| 16:35-17:00 |
Poster flash session
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| 17:00-18:00 |
Poster session and drinks reception
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| 09:00-09:20 |
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Dr Geoffrey AguirreUniversity of Pennsylvania, US Dr Geoffrey AguirreUniversity of Pennsylvania, US |
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| 09:20-09:40 |
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Dr Sanae YoshimotoUniversity of Hiroshima, Japan
Dr Sanae YoshimotoUniversity of Hiroshima, Japan Sanae Yoshimoto is an Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Hiroshima University. She obtained her PhD from Japan Women’s University and subsequently worked as a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada, Reno. Her research investigates the underlying mechanisms of visual discomfort, with a particular focus on how visual features such as temporal and chromatic properties influence subjective discomfort. She has recently begun examining visual discomfort and its relationship to other forms of negative affect, combining psychophysical experiments, physiological and neural measurements, and computational approaches. |
| 09:40-10:00 |
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| 10:00-10:20 |
Effects of temporal light modulation (or flicker) on visual processing
Flickering lights can induce headaches, seizures, discomfort, and illusions. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) can flicker and are widely used in homes, schools, offices, and cars. The brightness of LEDs can be controlled through pulse-width modulation, which generates temporal light modulation (TLM), at higher frequencies than standard mains electricity. This poses a potential problem because the visual system can resolve high frequency TLM (up to 15kHz) during saccades - the flicker appears as an illusory striped pattern known as the phantom array. The question then, is what are the effects of high frequency TLM on visual processing? We recently found that TLM at 600Hz can slow reading, particularly when individuals report high pattern glare. However, reading speed was slightly faster when under 120Hz (US AC rate) TLM compared to neighbouring frequencies, suggesting some adaptation to common frequencies that limits the negative effects. In addition, there was no relationship between the ability to detect the phantom array and reading speed. This suggests that TLM disrupts visual processing independently of conscious perception. LED TLM is currently unregulated (the IEEE guidelines lapsed March 2026), and these findings support calls for new regulations on lighting to mitigate the effects of TLM on health and cognition. Dr Sarah HaighUniversity of Nevada, US Dr Sarah HaighUniversity of Nevada, US Dr Haigh is an Assistant Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Nevada, Reno. She obtained her PhD from the University of Essex, then completed post-doctoral training at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in the US. Her lab investigates the effects of sensory discomfort on neural functioning and behaviour, and the individual differences in these effects in clinical and neurodiverse populations. Her goal is to reduce, and eventually eliminate, the adverse effects of sensory discomfort on complex behaviours and health. |
| 10:20-10:35 |
Discussion
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| 10:35-11:05 |
Break
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| 11:05-11:25 |
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Dr Hillevi HemphäläLund University, Sweden Dr Hillevi HemphäläLund University, Sweden |
| 11:25-11:45 |
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| 11:45-12:05 |
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| 12:05-12:25 |
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Professor Ute LeonardsUniversity of Bristol, UK
Professor Ute LeonardsUniversity of Bristol, UK Ute Leonards is a Professor of Neuropsychology at the School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, UK, with a primary research interest in human vision in the context of everyday life. Why vision? Because what we see guides our movements, shapes our experiences and thoughts, influences how we interact with others, and ultimately defines who we are. Who we are defines what we see and how we see it. Ute’s transdisciplinary research collaborations have helped to inform disparate societal challenges such as international tobacco control policy and legislation since 2011 and recent guidance for inclusive design by the British Standard Institute (BSI PAS 6463-2022). |
| 12:25-12:40 |
Discussion
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Chair
Professor Peter Allen
Anglia Ruskin University, UK
Professor Peter Allen
Anglia Ruskin University, UK
| 13:30-13:50 |
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| 13:50-14:10 |
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Ms Karen MonetOpticalm Canada, Canada
Ms Karen MonetOpticalm Canada, Canada Karen Monet is the founder of Opticalm Visual Stress Clinic in Ottawa, Canada, and has devoted more than 15 years to the clinical study and practical management of visual stress and visual discomfort. Having worked with thousands of individuals with visual sensitivity across a wide range of neurological and developmental conditions, she brings a unique real-world perspective to the emerging science of visual discomfort. Her work focuses on understanding the interaction between the visual environment, the visual system and the brain, and translating scientific research into practical, individualised interventions such as precision colorimetry and environmental modifications. Karen also trains optometrists and allied health professionals to recognise and address visual stress. She is a co-author of the recently published research paper, A Cerebral Basis for Visual Discomfort and Visual Stress. Her work brings together extensive clinical experience with the growing body of research on the condition, its symptoms, and treatments. |
| 14:10-14:30 |
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| 14:30-14:50 |
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| 14:50-15:10 |
Discussion
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| 15:10-15:40 |
Break
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| 15:40-16:00 |
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Dr Aleks MankowskaUniversity of Bradford, UK Dr Aleks MankowskaUniversity of Bradford, UK |
| 16:00-16:20 |
Differential diagnosis of visual stress: a multi-stage review
Visual stress (VS) is increasingly used to describe abnormal visual discomfort and perceptual distortions in response to specific visual stimuli. This review uses a staged evidence-synthesis approach: an initial systematic review that identifies minimal core evidence is followed by a scoping review to map broader literature, and a narrative synthesis to integrate diverse sources. Systematic review: PubMed/PsycInfo/Web of Science were searched for “Visual Stress” OR “Visual Discomfort” AND “Differential Diagnosis” revealing, five manuscripts. Four of these were relevant but none met the selection criteria (specification of: condition of interest, competing diagnoses, target population, and clinical verification method). Scoping review: to determine the broader literature that might be relevant to differential diagnosis of VS. Key publications were used to identify the main symptoms and clinical signs of VS and the literature (including “grey sources”) was searched for other conditions associated with these symptoms and signs. Narrative review: the third stage was a narrative review to estimate the likelihood of these conditions being mis-diagnosed as VS. Risk matrix methodology was used to juxtapose, for each condition, the probability of the condition being present with the severity/impact arising from an incorrect diagnosis of VS. Overarching conclusions: highlight, for clinicians who diagnose and treat VS, the alternative diagnoses that need to be excluded. Conclusions will also consider, for researchers investigating VS, sensible precautions to maximise the probability that findings relate to VS and to demonstrate that the researchers have taken reasonable steps to avoid participant harm through erroneous diagnoses.
Professor Bruce EvansCity St George's University of London, UK
Professor Bruce EvansCity St George's University of London, UK Bruce Evans has practised as a community optometrist for over 40 years and is Visiting Professor to City St George’s, University of London; London South Bank University; and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan. From 1998-2023 he was Director of Research at the Institute of Optometry. He is a Fellow of: College of Optometrists, American Academy of Optometry, European Academy of Optometry, and British Contact Lens Association. He has authored >280 scientific and CPD papers, 10 editions of optometric textbooks, >160 presentations at scientific conferences, and >500 invited CPD lectures. His main areas of research are myopia control, binocular vision (orthoptics), dyslexia and vision, visual stress, children’s vision, contact lenses, computer vision syndrome, and headaches. In 2022 he was awarded Life Fellow of the College of Optometrists in recognition of outstanding contribution to the optometric profession, and in 2023 a Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association of Optometrists. |
| 16:20-16:30 |
Discussion
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| 16:30-17:00 |
Panel discussion/overview
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| 17:00-00:00 |
Close
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